Obama Steps Out Alone on Climate Change

Nota prévia: É problemático dizer à superpotência restante da Guerra Fria o que ela pode consumir em termos de recursos energéticos e o que pode emitir em termos de CO2 para a atmosfera. Mais problemático ainda é ajustar essa medida de consumo e de emissões com o padrão de consumo e de emissões que as demais superpotências, como a China, a Rússia, a Índia, entre outros grandes países emissores de gazes para a atmosfera, podem emitir e que, por essa via, alteram as condições climáticas do planeta em que vivemos. Diria que a área do ambiente é, talvez, a imensa zona da governação global onde os EUA têm maior dificuldade em ser coerentes com aquilo que tem marcado a narrativa discursiva de Obama. Veremos, doravante, se o gap entre o anunciado e o realizado não aumenta, e se esse mesmo fosso também não é agravado pelas demais potências mundiais que têm uma palavra a dizer na decisão final relativamente às condições que interferem com as condições climáticas do 1º quartel do séc. XXI no quadro das conferências mundiais sobre alterações climáticas. 

Globalist Perspective > Global Environment Obama Steps Out Alone on Climate Change By Geoffrey Berlin President Obama announced recently that he would use his executive authority to rein in carbon emissions in the face of Congressional inaction. Geoffrey Berlin of Retrofit America argues that, while bold, this will be insufficient to combat such a large problem. Instead of waiting for the rest of the world to agree to cut emissions, the United States must lead by example.

resident Barack Obama's bold use of executive authority to combat climate change through the Clean Air Act is an admission that the national consensus he has sought to forge has proven elusive. Obama's bold use of executive authority is an admission that the national consensus he sought has proven elusive. As recently as 2008, U.S. action on climate change seemed imminent. Leaders in the U.S. Senate were preparing cap-and-trade legislation to reduce U.S. carbon emissions. Even the year's Republican standard-bearer, presidential nominee John McCain, was on board with taking action. Former Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich and then Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi appeared "on the couch" together in front of the Capitol in a political advertisement (video). The arch-conservative Mr. Gingrich stated, "We do agree, our country must take action to address climate change." This emerging bipartisan consensus fell apart with the onset of the Great Recession. Today, a partisan divide endures not just in Washington, but across America. The American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy ranks "blue states" — led by Massachusetts, California and New York — among the most progressive in implementing policy measures to improve energy efficiency. Meanwhile, "red states," such as West Virginia, North Dakota, and Mississippi are among the least forthcoming. This partisan divide can be seen in residential energy efficiency. Heating, cooling and powering U.S. homes comprises over 20% of U.S. energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Consider the state of Georgia, where my company retrofits homes to make them energy efficient in the Atlanta area. The vast majority of homeowners who invest in these improvements are in the more liberal dominated "blue" neighborhoods. "Blue states" are more progressive than "red states" in making policy to improve energy efficiency. In more conservative "red" areas, adoption of these improvements is much less prevalent. Politically liberal U.S. households are proving to be more conservative with their home energy use, while politically conservative households are more liberal with it. A Self-Satisfied America? The industrialized countries of Western Europe, where energy conservation has been a mainstay of lifestyles for decades, have been taking the lead on improving energy efficiency and action to combat climate change. In the United States, by contrast, it is largely consumption as usual. Why do Americans remain so ambivalent about improving their energy efficiency and taking action on climate change? Any constraint to limit Americans' use of energy is seen by many as antithetical to the essence of the American Dream. The nation's very founding held the promise of unbounded possibility — from the Founders' bold experiment in democracy to the manifest destiny of America's westward expansion to the Pacific. Politically liberal U.S. households are more conservative on energy use than politically conservative households. For the better part of the 19th and 20th centuries, the United States continued to fulfill this promise in leading the world's industrial expansion. But there was one big hitch. Scientific evidence now demonstrates that the United States and other industrialized nations have unwittingly altered the Earth's ecological balance. Much of the problem comes from those industrialized economies' massive emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane gas, from the combustion of fossil fuels. This apparent contradiction — between Americans' penchant for a world of unbounded possibility and the challenge to transform how they exploit the world's energy resources — will define how the American narrative unfolds in the 21st century. The last century — the "American century," no less — was punctuated by that Greatest Generation, which responded to a call to defend the world against fascism. Will America now respond to the 21st century threat of climate change and lead, or will ambivalence prevail? Carbon Choices The U.S. intelligence community believes the time for action on climate change is now. The U.S. National Intelligence Council's 2012 Global Trends 2030 report identifies climate change as one of four megatrends and concludes, "By 2030, the emissions trajectory will be cast, determining this century's climate outcome." In fact, U.S. carbon emissions have fallen by 6.9% from 2005 to 2011. But this is largely as a result of the economic contraction and the boom in natural gas from fracking operations, allowing power plants to convert their energy source from coal to less carbon-intensive natural gas. Americans are torn between a belief in a world of unbounded possibility and the need to transform energy use. Rather than a concerted U.S. effort to reduce carbon emissions, these measures are purely circumstantial. In Canada, carbon emissions increased by 18.9% from 1990 to 2011. A significant part of that has come from the carbon-intensive production of crude oil from Alberta oil sands. Canada consequently withdrew from its obligation to reduce carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol — the first time the country has ever reneged on an international treaty. What if these natural resource endowments were reversed, with the United States facing the prospect of exploiting a new source of carbon-intensive oil reserves? Would the U.S. choice be to produce and pollute, or would the resources be produced in a way to neutralize their carbon emissions? Leaders or Followers? While the United States has been the world's leading contributor to the stock of carbon emissions over the last century, action by the U.S. and other industrialized nations alone will not suffice to combat climate change. The strong economic development of emerging economies is now escalating the world's annual carbon emissions. China and India are now planning to bring on over 800 coal-fired power plants with over one million megawatts of new capacity. The heating, cooling and powering of U.S. homes is over 20% of all U.S. energy consumption and CO2 output. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, each country is expected to increase its CO2 emissions by over 50% from 2011 to 2030. In the face of such significant carbon emission growth elsewhere, would U.S. efforts to reduce its own carbon emissions be an exercise in futility? The climate change challenge for the 21st century requires a multilateral compact to transform how all the world's leading economies consume energy. To date, the U.S. negotiating position has been to require firm commitments from each of the world's leading emitters if Americans are to be bound to any firm obligations. But the leadership of emerging economies such as China and India expect the historical carbon polluters first to take the lead. In effect, the United States has tied a Gordian knot that binds the country to inaction. In announcing his executive actions on climate change, Mr. Obama said, "I am convinced this is the fight America can, and will, lead in the 21st century. "And I'm convinced this is a fight that America must lead." As in any endeavor, leadership must begin with action. However, U.S. executive action alone will not carry the day. If not now, when? Each generation of Americans offers fresh perspectives and renewed promise. I was recently out knocking on doors in one of Atlanta's more politically conservative neighborhoods, pitching my company's home retrofits. China and India are expected to increase their CO2 emissions by over 50% from 2011 to 2030. A boy of about 12 years old came to the door. His parents were out, so I gave him my business card to pass on. "You can tell them that I'm the guy who makes homes energy efficient," I said. "Cool," he said. "That's awesome!" So maybe there is hope. The question is whether Americans really want to pass this fight on to his generation.